Greece

Rhetoric

Techne Rhetorike

Persuasion works through three distinct means, the speaker's own credibility, the emotional state aroused in the audience, and the logical argument of the speech itself, and rhetoric, properly understood, is not a morally suspect trick but a legitimate counterpart to logic for reasoning about matters where certainty is unavailable.

Aristotle's Rhetoric defends rhetoric against Plato's suspicion, voiced in dialogues like the Gorgias, that it is a mere knack for flattery, arguing instead that rhetoric is the practical counterpart to dialectic, a legitimate method for reasoning persuasively about contingent matters where strict demonstrative certainty is unavailable. He identifies three technical means of persuasion, ethos (the speaker's credibility), pathos (the audience's emotional state), and logos (the argument's logical substance), and devotes extensive analysis to each, including a taxonomy of human emotions and their causes. The treatise became the foundational text of the Western rhetorical tradition.

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