Threads

What descends from what

A story set adrift on a river, a legal formula, an argument answered three centuries later. Each line joins a work to something earlier that it draws on, and is labeled both with the kind of relation and with how certain that relation is. A shared motif is not evidence of copying, and is never drawn as though it were.

Relation
Show
Certainty

227 connections shown, joining 257 works. Click any work to see only what it touches. 388 inherited descent links, recorded without a note of their own, are hidden. 455 of 968 entries have no connection recorded yet.

1.0xScroll to zoom, drag to pan
3000 BC2000 BC1000 BC500 BCAD 1AD 500AD 1000AkkadSumerBabylonHittiteEgyptUgaritPhoeniciaAssyriaKushPersiaGreeceChinaIndiaIsraelRomeSyriacArmeniaJapanTibetSoutheast AsiaIslamic worldInstructions of Shuruppak - c. 26th century BC - SumerPyramid Texts - c. 2350-2150 BC - EgyptRoyal Inscriptions of Sargon of Akkad - c. 2334-2279 BC (reign of Sargon of Akkad) - AkkadRoyal Inscriptions of Sargon of AkkadRoyal Inscriptions of Naram-Sin - c. 2254-2218 BC (reign of Naram-Sin) - AkkadSumerian King List - c. 21st century BC or later (took shape through successive Ur III and early second-millennium editions of older material) - SumerThe Curse of Agade - c. 21st century BC (Ur III composition, describing events of the 22nd century BC) - SumerThe Curse of AgadeCode of Ur-Nammu - c. 2100-2050 BC - SumerCoffin Texts - c. 2100-1700 BC - EgyptCode of Lipit-Ishtar - c. 1930s BC - BabylonThe Lament for Ur - c. 19th century BC (early Isin dynasty composition, mourning the fall of Ur c. 2004 BC) - SumerDispute Between a Man and His Ba - c. 19th century BC - EgyptInstruction of Ptahhotep - c. 19th century BC (Middle Kingdom copies of an Old Kingdom setting) - EgyptThe Epic of Anzu - c. 18th century BC (Old Babylonian version; a fuller Standard Babylonian version was copied later) - BabylonLaws of Eshnunna - c. 1770s BC - BabylonCode of Hammurabi - c. 1750s BC - BabylonCode of HammurabiInanna's Descent to the Netherworld - c. 17th century BC (Old Babylonian copies; the poem's underlying composition is usually dated close to this era) - SumerInanna's Descent to the NetherworldAtrahasis - c. 17th century BC (Old Babylonian version) - BabylonHittite Laws - c. 1650-1200 BC (Old Kingdom origin, revised in later New Kingdom copies) - HittiteMyth of Telipinu - c. 1650-1500 BC (Old-Middle Hittite copies of an older Hattian tradition) - HittiteEnuma Elish - composed c. 1600-1100 BC - BabylonEdwin Smith Surgical Papyrus - c. 16th century BC (surviving copy; source material possibly much older) - EgyptBook of the Dead - c. 1550-50 BC - EgyptProclamation of Telipinu - c. 1500 BC - HittiteLitany of Re - c. 15th century BC - EgyptInstruction of Any - c. 14th century BC (composition); principal surviving copy, Papyrus Boulaq 4, is Third Intermediate Period - EgyptBaal Cycle - c. 14th-12th century BC - UgaritBaal CycleGreat Hymn to the Aten - c. 1350s BC - EgyptHarper's Song - c. 14th century BC - EgyptPlague Prayers of Mursili II - c. 1320-1295 BC (across Mursili II's reign) - HittiteLudlul Bel Nemeqi - c. 13th century BC (Kassite period) - BabylonApology of Hattusili III - c. 1250s BC - HittiteThe Tukulti-Ninurta Epic - c. 1220s BC (shortly after Tukulti-Ninurta I's conquest of Babylon, c. 1225 BC) - AssyriaEpic of Gilgamesh - c. 12th century BC - BabylonInstruction of Amenemope - c. 1200-1000 BC - EgyptInstruction of AmenemopeGathas - c. 1200-600 BC (contested; linguistic evidence favors the earlier end) - PersiaGathasThe Babylonian Theodicy - c. 11th century BC - BabylonPsalms - composed and compiled c. 1000-300 BC - IsraelYasna - c. 1000-400 BC (oral Younger Avestan composition) - PersiaBook of Songs - c. 1000-600 BC (poems composed across the Western Zhou and early Spring and Autumn periods; reached near-final form by the 6th century BC) - ChinaBook of SongsBook of Documents - c. 1000-200 BC (composite; the surviving 'New Text' chapters were reconstructed early in the Han from a scholar's memorized recitation, and the 'Old Text' chapters added later are now recognized as a 4th century AD forgery) - ChinaThe Poem of Erra - c. 9th-8th century BC - BabylonTorah - composed c. 9th-5th century BC - IsraelI Ching (Book of Changes) - c. 900-200 BC (core hexagram and line texts Western Zhou; the Ten Wings commentarial layer added across the Warring States and Han) - ChinaAnnals of Ashurnasirpal II - c. 883-859 BC (reign of Ashurnasirpal II) - AssyriaProverbs - sayings collected from as early as the 9th century BC, with final editorial shaping in the Persian period, c. 5th-3rd century BC - IsraelKilamuwa Stela - c. 830s BC - PhoeniciaSargon Legend - c. 8th-7th century BC (surviving Neo-Assyrian copies) - AssyriaShatapatha Brahmana - c. 800-700 BC - IndiaMahabharata - c. 800 BC - AD 400 (oral epic core with centuries of redaction) - IndiaMahabharataSulba Sutras - c. 800-200 BC - IndiaIliad - c. 8th century BC - GreeceIliadIsaiah - composed c. 8th-5th century BC (composite) - IsraelGreat Triumphal Stela of Piye - c. 720s BC (Year 21 of Piye; chronology debated) - KushKaratepe Bilingual Inscription (Azatiwada Inscription) - c. late 8th to early 7th century BC - PhoeniciaSargon II's Letter to the God Ashur - 714 BC - AssyriaOdyssey - c. 7th century BC - GreeceOdysseyWorks and Days - c. 700 BC - GreeceTheogony - c. 700 BC - GreeceBrihadaranyaka Upanishad - c. 7th century BC - IndiaAnnals of Sennacherib - c. 690s BC (Taylor and Chicago Prism recensions; the annals were revised repeatedly across his reign) - AssyriaAnnals of SennacheribThe Vassal Treaties (Succession Treaty) of Esarhaddon - 672 BC - AssyriaThe Vassal Treaties (Succession Treaty) of EsarhaddonAnnals of Ashurbanipal - c. 640s BC (Rassam Cylinder recension; revised across the reign) - AssyriaEzekiel - c. 593-570 BC, composed among the Judean exiles in Babylonia - IsraelEnthronement Stela of Aspelta - c. 590s BC (Year 1 of Aspelta) - KushAesop's Fables - c. 6th century BC (traditional; surviving collections are centuries later) - GreeceSarcophagus Inscription of Eshmunazar II - c. 525-475 BC (Achaemenid period) - PhoeniciaBehistun Inscription - c. 520s BC - PersiaKatha Upanishad - c. 500-400 BC - IndiaRamayana - c. 500 BC - AD 300 (oral composition and redaction) - IndiaRamayanaSpring and Autumn Annals - c. 5th century BC (a terse court chronicle of the State of Lu covering 722-481 BC, compiled and closed out shortly after that final year) - ChinaXerxes Daiva Inscription - c. 486-465 BC (Xerxes I's reign; no precise year known) - PersiaOn Nature - c. 470s BC - GreeceOn Nature - c. 460-430 BC - GreeceOresteia - 458 BC - GreecePrometheus Bound - c. 456-430 BC (date disputed) - GreeceTwelve Tables - 451-450 BC - RomeParadoxes - c. 450s BC - GreeceOn Nature - c. 450s BC - GreeceAnalects - compiled c. 5th-3rd century BC - ChinaHistories - c. 440-425 BC - GreeceHistory of the Peloponnesian War - c. 431-400 BC - GreeceMedea - 431 BC - GreeceMozi - c. 430-250 BC (Mozi's own teachings recorded, then expanded by generations of his disciples) - ChinaMoziOedipus Tyrannus - c. 420s BC - GreeceOedipus TyrannusClouds - 423 BC - GreeceHippocratic Corpus - c. 420-370 BC - GreeceFragments - c. 420s BC - GreeceOedipus at Colonus - c. 406-401 BC - GreeceFrogs - 405 BC - GreeceSutta Nipata - c. 400-100 BC (among the oldest strata of the Pali Canon) - IndiaDaodejing - c. 4th century BC (compiled; traditional dating to the 6th century BC is disputed) - ChinaZuo Zhuan - c. 4th century BC - ChinaApology - c. 390s BC - GreecePhaedo - c. 380s BC - GreeceRepublic - c. 370s BC - GreeceTimaeus - c. 360s BC - GreeceRhetoric - c. 350-322 BC - GreeceZhuangzi - c. 350-150 BC (Inner Chapters earliest and most likely authentic to Zhuang Zhou; Outer and Miscellaneous Chapters added by later followers through the early Han) - ChinaBook of Lord Shang - c. 350-250 BC (compiled by Shang Yang's Legalist successors; several chapters clearly postdate his death in 338 BC) - ChinaNicomachean Ethics - c. 335-322 BC - GreecePoetics - c. 330s BC - GreecePolitics - c. 335-322 BC - GreeceMetaphysics - c. 335-322 BC - GreecePhysics - c. 335-322 BC - GreeceOn the Soul - c. 335-322 BC - GreeceMencius - c. 320-250 BC - ChinaInstruction of Ankhsheshonq - c. 300-100 BC - EgyptEcclesiastes - c. 3rd century BC (post-exilic Hebrew, Hellenistic-period) - IsraelDaniel - court tales composed c. 3rd century BC; the apocalyptic visions of chapters 7-12 composed c. 167-164 BC, during the persecution of Antiochus IV - IsraelElements - c. 300 BC - GreeceLetter to Menoeceus - c. 300-270 BC - GreeceDhammapada - c. 300-100 BC (compiled and fixed in Pali; content oral from the Buddha's time, c. 5th century BC) - IndiaVinaya Pitaka - c. 300-100 BC - IndiaTolkappiyam - c. 300 BC - AD 200 (dating heavily contested; the grammatical core is traditionally treated as predating the poetic corpus that follows its conventions) - IndiaBook of Rites - c. 300-50 BC (Warring States ritual essays compiled into their current form in the Western Han) - ChinaChuci - c. 300-26 BC (Qu Yuan's poems composed in the late Warring States; compiled into the current anthology by Liu Xiang in the 1st century BC) - ChinaXiaojing - c. 300-150 BC - ChinaSeptuagint - translated c. 280-100 BC; the Pentateuch first, traditionally dated c. 250 BC, with the remaining books following over the 2nd-1st century BC - IsraelSeptuagintAetia - c. 270-240 BC - GreeceXunzi - c. 260-230 BC (edited into its standard 32-chapter form by Liu Xiang in the 1st century BC) - ChinaOn the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon - c. 250s BC - GreeceArgonautica - c. 250s BC - GreeceHan Feizi - c. 250-233 BC - ChinaFragments - c. 240s BC - GreeceLüshi Chunqiu - 239 BC - ChinaOn the Sphere and the Cylinder - c. 220s BC - GreeceThe Sand-Reckoner - before 216 BC - GreeceThe Method of Mechanical Theorems - c. 210s BC - GreecePapyrus Insinger - c. 200-100 BC (composition); sole surviving copy 1st century AD - EgyptConics - c. 200 BC - GreeceBhagavad Gita - c. 200 BC - AD 200 (as part of the Mahabharata) - IndiaPanchatantra - c. 200 BC - AD 300 (date disputed) - IndiaHuangdi Neijing - c. 200 BC - AD 100 (composite; the attribution to the legendary Yellow Emperor is honorific, not a claim of authorship) - ChinaSirach (Ecclesiasticus) - Hebrew original composed c. 180s BC in Jerusalem; translated into Greek by the author's grandson c. 132 BC in Egypt - IsraelCommentary on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus and Aratus - c. 140s BC - GreeceChunqiu Fanlu - c. 140-100 BC (compiled across Dong Zhongshu's career; modern scholarship, notably Sarah Queen and Michael Loewe, treats the received 82-chapter text as a heterogeneous compilation substantially assembled after his death, with a number of chapters not his own work) - ChinaHuainanzi - 139 BC (presented to Emperor Wu of Han) - ChinaRecords of the Grand Historian - c. 109-91 BC - ChinaRecords of the Grand HistorianWisdom of Solomon - c. 100-30 BC, possibly as late as the early 1st century AD - IsraelMilindapanha - c. 100 BC - AD 200 - IndiaDe Rerum Natura - c. 60-55 BC - RomeDe Re Publica - c. 54-51 BC - RomeLotus Sutra - c. 50 BC - AD 200 (compiled in stages by unknown authors) - IndiaDe Officiis - 44 BC - RomeDe OfficiisBellum Catilinae (The War with Catiline) - c. 44-40 BC - RomeGeorgics - 37-29 BC - RomeSatires - 35-30 BC - RomeAeneid - 29-19 BC - RomeOdes - 23-13 BC - RomeArs Poetica (Epistle to the Pisos) - c. 20-10 BC - RomeMetamorphoses - c. AD 2-8 - RomeOn the Creation of the World - c. AD 10-40 - IsraelFabulae (Aesop's Fables in Latin Verse) - c. AD 15-50 - RomeHan Shu - c. AD 36-111 (begun by Ban Biao, carried forward by his son Ban Gu, and completed after Ban Gu's death by his sister Ban Zhao) - ChinaMedea - c. AD 40-60 - RomeThe Undisputed Pauline Epistles - c. AD 50-58, across Paul's missionary career; Romans, the flagship letter, was written from Corinth - IsraelHebrews - c. AD 60-90; precise date and place of composition are disputed - IsraelPharsalia (De Bello Civili) - c. AD 61-65 - RomeEpistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Moral Letters to Lucilius) - AD 62-65 - RomeGospel of Mark - c. AD 65-80, most plausibly around the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70 - IsraelGospel of MarkMishnah - compiled across the tannaitic period, c. AD 70-220, redacted into final form c. AD 200-220 by Judah ha-Nasi - IsraelMishnahNaturalis Historia (Natural History) - AD 77 - RomeGospel of Matthew - c. AD 80-90 - IsraelLuke-Acts - c. AD 80-95, as a two-volume composition - IsraelThebaid - c. AD 80-92 - RomeRevelation - generally dated c. AD 95, under Domitian; a minority view dates it to Nero's reign, c. AD 68-69 - IsraelInstitutio Oratoria - c. AD 90-96 - RomeSatires - c. AD 100-127 - RomeBuddhacarita - c. AD 100-150 - IndiaDiamond Sutra - c. AD 100-300 (place of composition also uncertain, likely north India) - IndiaEnchiridion - c. AD 108-135 - GreeceAnnales (Annals) - c. AD 116-120 - RomeAlmagest - c. 150s AD - GreeceAlmagestMulamadhyamakakarika - c. AD 150-250 (Nagarjuna's dates and location are unusually uncertain for so influential a figure) - IndiaInstitutiones (Institutes) - AD 161 - RomeMeditations - c. AD 170-180 - RomeTirukkural - c. AD 300-500 (dating contested; traditional accounts place it earlier) - IndiaJerusalem Talmud - c. AD 350-400; its redaction was left incomplete, likely interrupted by conditions in the late Roman province of Palestine - IsraelDe Officiis Ministrorum (On the Duties of the Clergy) - c. AD 386-390 - RomeConfessions - c. AD 397-400 - RomeGenesis Rabbah - c. AD 400-450 - IsraelAbhijnanashakuntalam - c. AD 400-450 (Kalidasa's precise dates and patron remain debated) - IndiaDe Civitate Dei (The City of God) - AD 413-426 - RomeAryabhatiya - AD 499 - IndiaThe Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons - c. 501-502 - ChinaPramanasamuccaya - c. early 6th century - IndiaConsolation of Philosophy - c. 524, written in prison at Pavia - RomeOn the Eternity of the World against Proclus - 529 - GreeceRule of Saint Benedict - c. 530s - RomeWen Xuan - c. 520s-530 - ChinaWen XuanCorpus Juris Civilis - 529-534 (Codex, Digest, Institutes; Novellae after) - RomeCorpus Juris CivilisSixteen Books of Medicine - c. 530s-540s - GreeceBabylonian Talmud - redaction c. AD 450-600, over generations - IsraelBrihat Samhita - c. 550 - IndiaWars - c. 545-554 - RomeGetica - 551 - RomeTwelve Books on Medicine - c. 560s - GreeceInstitutiones - c. 560 - RomeKalila and Dimna, Middle Persian version - c. 550s-570s, under Khosrow I - PersiaHistories - c. 570s-580s - GreeceCarmina - c. 565-600 - RomeEcclesiastical History - c. 580s - SyriacFamily Instructions of Master Yan - c. 580s-590s - ChinaPastoral Rule - c. 591 - RomeTen Books of Histories - c. 573-594 - RomeGreat Calming and Contemplation - 594 - ChinaSeventeen-Article Constitution - 604 (attribution and date debated) - JapanLadder of Divine Ascent - c. 600-650 - GreeceEtymologies - c. 615-636 - RomeEtymologiesBrahmasphutasiddhanta - 628 - IndiaQur'an - revealed c. 610-632; standard written text under Uthman, c. 650 - Islamic worldQur'anAmbigua and Opuscula - c. 620s-650s - GreeceMedical Epitome - c. 640s - GreeceHarshacharita - c. 640s - IndiaGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions - 646 - ChinaTibetan Script and the First Translations - c. 630s-650s (traditional attribution) - TibetEssential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces - c. 652 - ChinaCorrect Meaning of the Five Classics - 653 - ChinaTang Code - 653, with the annotated Yonghui edition - ChinaTang CodeDiscourse on the Perfection of Consciousness-Only - 659 - ChinaChronicle of Fredegar - c. 660s - RomeMathematical and Cosmographical Works - c. 660s-670s - ArmeniaKojiki - 712 - JapanNihon Shoki - 720 - JapanNihon ShokiThe Reckoning of Time - 725 - RomeEcclesiastical History of the English People - 731 - RomeFount of Knowledge and On the Divine Images - c. 730s-740s - GreeceEcloga - 741 - GreeceKalila wa Dimna - c. 750s - Islamic worldCollected Poems - c. 730s-762 - ChinaMan'yoshu - c. 759 - JapanMan'yoshuCollected Poems - c. 740s-770 - ChinaSirat Rasul Allah - c. 760s; surviving through Ibn Hisham's later recension - Islamic worldAl-Muwatta - c. 760s-770s - Islamic worldHyakumanto Darani - c. 764-770 - JapanHistory of the Lombards - c. 787-796 - RomeOpus Caroli Regis contra Synodum - c. 790-793 - RomeThe Samye Debate and the Imperial Translation Project - c. 792-794 - TibetEssays and Memorials - c. 800s-824 - ChinaThe Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing - c. 820 - Islamic worldOn Calculation with Hindu Numerals - c. 825; surviving only in Latin translation - Islamic worldBorobudur Narrative Reliefs - c. 780-830 - Southeast AsiaUtrecht Psalter - c. 820s-830s - RomeCollected Poems - c. 800s-846 - ChinaGeonic Responsa - c. 8th-10th centuries, accumulated - IsraelOn First Philosophy - c. 840s-850s - Islamic worldBook of Ingenious Devices - c. 850 - Islamic worldGalenic Translations and the Risala - c. 830s-870s - Islamic worldGalenic Translations and the RisalaPeriphyseon - c. 862-867 - RomeThe Diamond Sutra, printed edition of 868 - 11 May 868 - ChinaKokin Wakashu - c. 905 - JapanKitab al-Hawi and On Smallpox and Measles - c. 900s-920s - Islamic worldThe Book of Beliefs and Opinions - 933 - IsraelThe Book of Beliefs and OpinionsTosa Diary - c. 935 - JapanThe Virtuous City - c. 940s - Islamic worldBook of Fixed Stars - 964 - Islamic worldAl-Tasrif - c. 1000 - Islamic world

Reading the lines

descent
The later work derives from the earlier one textually.
citation
The later work quotes or names the earlier one.
response
The later work argues against or answers the earlier one.
parallel
The two share a motif, form, or structure. This is not a claim that either copied the other.
transmission
The earlier work reaches the later one through translation or an intervening tradition, rather than by direct copying.
secure
widely accepted. Contested lines are drawn broken.
probable
well supported, not settled. Contested lines are drawn broken.
contested
genuinely disputed. Contested lines are drawn broken.