India

Charaka Samhita

Caraka Samhita

Disease results from imbalance among three bodily forces, vata, pitta, and kapha, and treatment must restore their balance through diet, regimen, and medicine tailored to the individual patient rather than applied as a fixed formula.

The foundational treatise of Ayurvedic internal medicine, structured in eight sections covering physiology, pathology, diagnosis, pharmacology, and the ethics of the physician. Tradition holds it to be Charaka's redaction of an earlier, now-lost work by Agnivesha, itself derived from the sage Punarvasu Atreya's teaching, with a further later redaction completed by Dridhabala; this layered authorship, and the text's own uncertain place of composition, are acknowledged rather than resolved by scholars. It insists a physician examine the whole patient and context, not the disease in isolation, and states an early code of professional medical ethics.

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