Rome

De Re Publica

De Re Publica

The best form of government is not any single pure type, monarchy, aristocracy, or democracy, but a mixed constitution combining all three, because a mixed constitution alone resists the decay that eventually corrupts each pure form.

A dialogue set in 129 BC among Scipio Aemilianus and his circle, modeled on Plato's Republic but grounded in Roman constitutional history rather than an ideal city, arguing that Rome's actual mixed constitution, blending consular power, senatorial authority, and popular assemblies, achieves a stability no pure form of government can sustain. The work survives only partially, reconstructed largely from a medieval palimpsest, but its concluding section, the Dream of Scipio, in which Scipio's dead grandfather reveals the cosmic insignificance of earthly fame, survived independently through late-antique commentary and became one of the most widely read philosophical passages of the Middle Ages.

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