India

Pramanasamuccaya

composition: probableauthorship: secure

A Buddhist logician reduces the valid means of knowledge to two, perception and inference, and rebuilds Indian epistemology around what each can and cannot deliver.

Dignaga argued that there are exactly two sources of knowledge because there are exactly two kinds of object: the particular, grasped by perception without any conceptual content, and the universal, reached only by inference. His theory of exclusion holds that a word does not name a positive universal but marks off what a thing is not. He also formalised the conditions a valid inferential mark must satisfy. The system provoked centuries of reply from Nyaya and Mimamsa opponents and reorganised philosophical debate across traditions.

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Descends from

  • Mulamadhyamakakarika · c. AD 150-250 (Nagarjuna's dates and location are unusually uncertain for so influential a figure)

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