Egypt

Hymn to the Nile

Hymn to Hapy

The flood is a god without a fixed cult image or temple hierarchy, worshipped instead through the plain fact that every good in Egyptian life depends on his annual arrival.

A hymn to Hapy, the personified Nile inundation, praising the flood as the unseen source of grain, cattle, taxes, and festival, and imagining social collapse should the flood ever fail to come. It is unusual among Egyptian hymns for addressing a natural force directly rather than an anthropomorphic god with temples and a priesthood of its own. Composed in the Middle Kingdom, it was copied widely as a scribal-school text well into the New Kingdom.

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