Egypt

Pyramid Texts

The king's ascent to the imperishable stars is guaranteed by the correct recitation of spells, making the afterlife the first problem Egyptian civilization committed to writing to solve.

The oldest surviving body of religious literature in the world, carved into the burial chambers of pyramids beginning with King Unas of the Fifth Dynasty. The spells equip the dead king to rise, cross the sky, and join the circumpolar stars or the sun god's boat, treating the afterlife as a technical passage requiring exact words rather than only ritual offerings. Reserved for royalty at first, the same spells later broaden into the Coffin Texts and eventually the Book of the Dead.

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