India

Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions

composition: contested

witness: cave-bed donative inscriptions and pottery graffiti from Tamil Nadu and northern Sri Lanka

Cave-dwelling ascetics' donors, traders, and craftspeople across Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka adapted the Brahmi script to Tamil sounds it was not designed for, leaving the earliest epigraphic evidence presently known of the Tamil language in writing, though individual inscriptions' dates are often disputed.

Short inscriptions adapting the Brahmi script, with added and modified letters, to write Tamil names, donations, and short statements on natural cave beds used by Jain and Buddhist ascetics, and on pottery, coins, and other portable objects across Tamil Nadu and northern Sri Lanka. Broadly dated from the late first millennium BC into the early first millennium AD, though individual inscriptions are dated on paleographic grounds that specialists frequently dispute, sometimes by centuries. The corpus documents literacy, trade networks (some potsherds carry personal names also found in Sangam poetry), and religious patronage of ascetic communities, and gives the early history of written Tamil an epigraphic record independent of, though roughly contemporary with, the separately transmitted literary tradition represented by the Tolkappiyam and the Sangam anthologies.

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Descends from

  • Brahmi and Kharosthi Scripts · Firmly attested by the 3rd century BC (the Ashokan inscriptions); the scripts' origins and earliest development are earlier and debated

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