Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

Diathekai ton Dodeka Patriarchon

Anonymous · a Jewish core probably composed c. 150-100 BC; the surviving Greek text shows later Christian interpolation, which complicates precise dating · Judea (exact place of composition uncertain) (Israel) · scripture

Presenting the dying ethical exhortations of Jacob's twelve sons, this pseudepigraphon uses each patriarch's own remembered vices and virtues as a moral case study, though the extent of later Christian reworking in its surviving form makes its original Jewish content genuinely disputed.