China

Great Calming and Contemplation

composition: secureauthorship: probable

witness: recorded by the disciple Guanding from lectures of 594

Lectures taken down by a disciple set out a complete Buddhist meditation system and, with it, the classification scheme that organises the whole canon into one coherent teaching.

Zhiyi's lectures, recorded by Guanding, present the practice of calming and contemplation in exhaustive detail, including the famous analysis of the three thousand realms contained in a single moment of thought. Equally consequential is his doctrinal classification, which sorts the contradictory mass of translated sutras into periods and methods of the Buddha's teaching, so that apparent inconsistency becomes pedagogy adapted to different hearers. This move let Chinese Buddhism treat the entire imported canon as a unity, and made the its culmination.

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Descends from

  • Lotus Sutra · c. 50 BC - AD 200 (compiled in stages by unknown authors)
  • Mulamadhyamakakarika · c. AD 150-250 (Nagarjuna's dates and location are unusually uncertain for so influential a figure)

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